Beiro-Valenzuela M.G. , Olmo-García L. , Rodríguez-Rodríguez S. , Mohamed-Barara A. , Monasterio R. , HURTADO FERNÁNDEZ, ELENA, Sánchez-Arévalo C.M. , Pedreschi R. , Carrasco-Pancorbo A.
No
Food Chem
Article
Científica
1
1
01/01/2026
2-s2.0-105045991702
This study presents a comprehensive characterisation of acetogenin-related metabolites in avocado using an LC–IMS–MS workflow. A total of 26 metabolites were semi-quantified across peel, pulp and seed tissues from three cultivars ( Hass , Bacon and Fuerte ). The integration of ion mobility spectrometry enabled the generation of the first experimental database of collision cross section (CCS) values for avocado acetogenins, improving confidence in metabolite annotation. Results revealed a pronounced tissue-dependent distribution, with seeds and pulp as the primary reservoir of several acetogenins, whereas the peel consistently exhibited lower concentrations. In contrast, acetogenin levels remained largely stable throughout ripening. Clear cultivar-dependent differences were observed, with Hass displaying a distinct metabolic profile compared to Bacon and Fuerte . Multivariate analysis confirmed these findings, showing tissue-dependent cultivar differentiation. This study provides new insights into avocado chemical diversity and highlights the potential of avocado by-products as consistent and promising sources of bioactive acetogenins. © 2026 The Authors.
Biomolecules; Drug products; Fruits; Ion mobility spectrometers; Mass spectrometry; Metabolism; Metabolites; Plant diseases; Plants (botany); Seed; Tissue; Tissue engineering; acetogenin; Acetogenins; Avocado peel; Avocado pulp; Avocado seed; Collison cross section; Ion mobility-mass spectrometry; Persea americana; Perseum americanum mill.; Polyketides; Tissue-dependent distribution; Article; avocado; concentration (parameter); controlled study; cultivar; fruit peel; fruit pulp; fruit ripening; ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; metabolic fingerprinting; metabolite; plant seed; plant tissue; workflow; Multivariant analysis