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Optimal dose and effectiveness of different types of physical activity to improve blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Authors

Alvarez-Barbosa, Francisco , RAMOS MUNELL, JAVIER, del Pozo-Cruz, Jesus , del Pozo Cruz, Borja , Ceballos-Sanchez, Jose Luis , Gallardo-Gomez, Daniel

External publication

No

Means

Rev Endocr Metab Disord

Scope

Review

Nature

Científica

JCR Quartile

SJR Quartile

Publication date

19/11/2025

ISI

001616707900001

Abstract

People with type 2 diabetes have higher rates of hypertension compared to the general population, Current guidelines do not consider the baseline blood pressure for activity prescription. This study aimed to evaluate and compare effects of different physical activity modalities on blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus considering baseline blood pressure levels and exploring the dose-response relationship. A systematic search was performed in CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, SportDiscus and WOS databases to June 2025. A dose-response network meta-analysis of 71 trials (3,970 participants) was conducted. Studies included individuals with type 2 diabetes who underwent any physical activity intervention with reported blood pressure outcomes. Meta-regressions included baseline blood pressure as a covariate. Aerobic activity significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) in stage 1 (-5.37 mmHg) and stage 2 hypertension (-8.32 mmHg). Mind-body activities showed noConsent to Participate effects, particularly in more severe hypertension (-13.35 mmHg). Resistance training was most effective for elevated SBP. Both aerobic and mind-body exercises improved diastolic blood pressure (DBP). A significant overall dose-response association was found, but it was not maintained when analyses were stratified by exercise modality, indicating that the observed benefits likely reflect overall physical activity exposure rather than modality-specific effects. Resistance training may be most effective for elevated SBP, aerobic activity for stage 1-2 systolic hypertension, and mind-body therapies for more severe diastolic hypertension. Optimal effects were achieved at approximately 826 and 994 METs-min/week for SBP and DBP, respectively.

Keywords

Systolic blood pressure; Diastolic blood pressure; Exercise; Meta-analysis; Type 2 diabetes mellitus