Ayllon-Gavilan, Rafael , MARTÍNEZ ESTUDILLO, FRANCISCO JOSÉ, Guijo-Rubio, David , Hervas-Martinez, Cesar , Gutierrez, Pedro Antonio
No
Pattern Recognit.
Article
Científica
01/03/2026
001576993300001
Ordinal Classification (OC) addresses those classification tasks where the labels exhibit a natural order. Unlike nominal classification, which treats all classes as mutually exclusive and unordered, OC takes the ordinal relationship into account, producing more accurate and relevant results. This is particularly critical in applications where the magnitude of classification errors has significant consequences. Despite this, OC problems are often tackled using nominal methods, leading to suboptimal solutions. Although decision trees are among the most popular classification approaches, ordinal tree-based approaches have received less attention when compared to other classifiers. This work provides a comprehensive survey of ordinal splitting criteria, standardising the notations used in the literature to enhance clarity and consistency. Three ordinal splitting criteria, Ordinal Gini (OGini), Weighted Information Gain, and Ranking Impurity, are compared to the nominal counterparts of the first two (Gini and information gain), by incorporating them into a decision tree classifier. An extensive repository considering 45 publicly available OC datasets is presented, supporting the first experimental comparison of ordinal and nominal splitting criteria using well-known OC evaluation metrics. The results have been statistically analysed, highlighting that OGini stands out as the best ordinal splitting criterion to date, reducing the mean absolute error achieved by Gini by more than 3.02 %. To promote reproducibility, all source code developed, a detailed guide for reproducing the results, the 45 OC datasets, and the individual results for all the evaluated methodologies are provided.
Ordinal classification; Ordinal regression; Ordinal trees; Impurity measures; Splitting criteria; Ordinal Gini; Ordinal information gain; Ranking impurity; Ordinal classification; Ordinal regression; Ordinal trees; Impurity measures; Splitting criteria; Ordinal Gini; Ordinal information gain; Ranking impurity